In this tutorial we are working with files from a long-term evolution study of an E. coli population (designated Ara-3). We will perform variant calling to see how the population changed over time. We care how this population changed relative to the original population, E. coli strain REL606. Therefore, we will align each of our samples to the E. coli REL606 reference genome, and see what differences exist in our reads versus the genome.

The whole proccess is designed to be run in RStudio as an Interactive Tool, directly in Galaxy.

Comment

This tutorial is significantly based on the Carpentries “Data Wrangling and Processing for Genomics” lesson

Agenda

In this tutorial, we will cover:

1. Alignment to a reference genome
2. Setting up
3. SAM/BAM format
4. Variant calling
   1. Viewing with tview
   2. Viewing with IGV

Hands-on: Launch RStudio

Depending on which server you are using, you may be able to run RStudio directly in Galaxy. If that is not available, RStudio Cloud can be an alternative.

Tip: Launch RStudio in Galaxy

Currently RStudio in Galaxy is only available on UseGalaxy.eu and UseGalaxy.org

1. Open the Rstudio tool tool by clicking here to launch RStudio
2. Click Run Tool
3. The tool will start running and will stay running permanently
4. Click on the “User” menu at the top and go to “Active InteractiveTools” and locate the RStudio instance you started.

Tip: Launch RStudio Cloud if not available on Galaxy

If RStudio is not available on the Galaxy instance:

1. Register for RStudio Cloud, or login if you already have an account
2. Create a new project

Hands-on: Software to use

The R Console and other interactive tools like RStudio are great for prototyping code and exploring data, but sooner or later we will want to use our program in a pipeline or run it in a shell script to process thousands of data files. This is one of those cases and, in order to do that, we will use the terminal provided by the RStudio itself. We go to “Tools” and pick the “Shell…” option and we are good to go. Our workspace is the left, terminal window that just opened.

Fortunately, miniconda is already installed. Miniconda is a package manager that simplifies the installation processes. We can and will use it to install every essential package for our tutorial. However, it is of critical importance that we do that in an new environment within our existing base and install our packages in said environment.

Input: Environment and Packages

$ conda create -n name_of_your_env bwa samtools bcftools
$ conda activate name_of_your_env

Software	Version	Manual	Available for	Description
BWA	0.7.17	BWA Manual	Linux, MacOS	Mapping DNA sequences against reference genome.
SAMtools	1.15.1	SAMtools Manual	Linux, MacOS	Utilities for manipulating alignments in the SAM format.
BCFtools	1.15.1	BCFtools manual	Linux, MacOS	Utilities for variant calling and manipulating VCFs and BCFs.
IGV	IGV Download	IGV User Guide	Linux, MacOS, Windows	Visualization and interactive exploration of large genomics datasets.

Alignment to a reference genome

Image from “Data Wrangling and Processing for Genomics”

We perform read alignment or mapping to determine where in the genome our reads originated from. There are a number of tools to choose from and, while there is no gold standard, there are some tools that are better suited for particular NGS analyses. We will be using the Burrows Wheeler Aligner (BWA), which is a software package for mapping low-divergent sequences against a large reference genome.

The alignment process consists of two steps:

1. Indexing the reference genome
2. Aligning the reads to the reference genome

Setting up

Hands-on: Download Genome

First we download the reference genome for E. coli REL606. Although we could copy or move the file with cp or mv, most genomics workflows begin with a download step, so we will practice that here.

code-in Input: Bash

$ cd ~/dc_workshop
$ mkdir -p data/ref_genome
$ curl -L -o data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta.gz ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/all/GCA/000/017/985/GCA_000017985.1_ASM1798v1/GCA_000017985.1_ASM1798v1_genomic.fna.gz
$ gunzip data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta.gz

Question

We saved this file as data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta.gz and then decompressed it. What is the real name of the genome?

Solution

$ head data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta

The name of the sequence follows the > character. The name is CP000819.1 Escherichia coli B str. REL606, complete genome. Keep this chromosome name (CP000819.1) in mind, as we will use it later in the lesson.

We will also download a set of trimmed FASTQ files to work with that will enable us to run our variant calling workflow quite quickly.

Input: Getting easy-to-work FASTQ files

$ curl -L -o sub.tar.gz https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/14418248
$ tar xvf sub.tar.gz
$ mv sub/ ~/dc_workshop/data/trimmed_fastq_small

You will also need to create directories for the results that will be generated as part of this workflow. We can do this in a single line of code, because mkdir can accept multiple new directory names as input.

Input: Create result directories

$ mkdir -p results/sam results/bam results/bcf results/vcf

Hands-on: Index the reference genome

Our first step is to index the reference genome for use by BWA. Indexing allows the aligner to quickly find potential alignment sites for query sequences in a genome, which saves time during alignment. Indexing the reference only has to be run once. The only reason you would want to create a new index is if you are working with a different reference genome or you are using a different tool for alignment.

Input: Indexing with `bwa`

$ bwa index data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta

While the index is created, you will see output that looks something like this:

Output

[bwa_index] Pack FASTA... 0.04 sec
[bwa_index] Construct BWT for the packed sequence...
[bwa_index] 1.05 seconds elapse.
[bwa_index] Update BWT... 0.03 sec
[bwa_index] Pack forward-only FASTA... 0.02 sec
[bwa_index] Construct SA from BWT and Occ... 0.57 sec
[main] Version: 0.7.17-r1188
[main] CMD: bwa index data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta
[main] Real time: 1.765 sec; CPU: 1.715 sec

Hands-on: Align reads to reference genome

The alignment process consists of choosing an appropriate reference genome to map our reads against and then deciding on an aligner. We will use the BWA-MEM algorithm, which is the latest and is generally recommended for high-quality queries as it is faster and more accurate.

An example of what a bwa command looks like is below. This command will not run, as we do not have the files ref_genome.fa, input_file_R1.fastq, or input_file_R2.fastq.

$ bwa mem ref_genome.fasta input_file_R1.fastq input_file_R2.fastq > output.sam

Have a look at the bwa options page. While we are running bwa with the default parameters here, your use case might require a change of parameters. NOTE: Always read the manual page for any tool before using and make sure the options you use are appropriate for your data.

We are going to start by aligning the reads from just one of the samples in our dataset (SRR2584866). Later, we will be iterating this whole process on all of our sample files.

Input: Aligning with bwa

$ bwa mem data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta data/trimmed_fastq_small/SRR2584866_1.trim.sub.fastq data/trimmed_fastq_small/SRR2584866_2.trim.sub.fastq > results/sam/SRR2584866.aligned.sam

Output

[M::bwa_idx_load_from_disk] read 0 ALT contigs
[M::process] read 77446 sequences (10000033 bp)...
[M::process] read 77296 sequences (10000182 bp)...
[M::mem_pestat] # candidate unique pairs for (FF, FR, RF, RR): (48, 36728, 21, 61)
[M::mem_pestat] analyzing insert size distribution for orientation FF...
[M::mem_pestat] (25, 50, 75) percentile: (420, 660, 1774)
[M::mem_pestat] low and high boundaries for computing mean and std.dev: (1, 4482)
[M::mem_pestat] mean and std.dev: (784.68, 700.87)
[M::mem_pestat] low and high boundaries for proper pairs: (1, 5836)
[M::mem_pestat] analyzing insert size distribution for orientation FR...

SAM/BAM format

The SAM file, is a tab-delimited text file that contains information for each individual read and its alignment to the genome. While we do not have time to go into detail about the features of the SAM format, the paper by Heng Li et al. provides a lot more detail on the specification.

The compressed binary version of SAM is called a BAM file. We use this version to reduce size and to allow for indexing, which enables efficient random access of the data contained within the file.

The file begins with a header, which is optional. The header is used to describe the source of data, reference sequence, method of alignment, etc., this will change depending on the aligner being used. Following the header is the alignment section. Each line that follows corresponds to alignment information for a single read. Each alignment line has 11 mandatory fields for essential mapping information and a variable number of other fields for aligner specific information. An example entry from a SAM file is displayed below with the different fields highlighted.

Image from Data Wrangling and Processing for Genomics

Image from “Data Wrangling and Processing for Genomics”

Hands-on: SAM to BAM

Input: bash

We will convert the SAM file to BAM format using the samtools program with the view command and tell this command that the input is in SAM format (-S) and to output BAM format (-b):

$ samtools view -S -b results/sam/SRR2584866.aligned.sam > results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.bam

Output

[samopen] SAM header is present: 1 sequences.

Hands-on: Sort BAM file by coordinates

Next we sort the BAM file using the sort command from samtools. -o tells the command where to write the output.

Input: `sort` command

$ samtools sort -o results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.bam

Our files are pretty small, so we will not see this output. If you run the workflow with larger files, you will see something like this:

Output

[bam_sort_core] merging from 2 files...

SAM/BAM files can be sorted in multiple ways, e.g. by location of alignment on the chromosome, by read name, etc. It is important to be aware that different alignment tools will output differently sorted SAM/BAM, and different downstream tools require differently sorted alignment files as input.

You can use samtools to learn more about this bam file as well.

Input: `flagstat` command

samtools flagstat results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam

This will give you the following statistics about your sorted bam file:

Output

351169 + 0 in total (QC-passed reads + QC-failed reads)
0 + 0 secondary
1169 + 0 supplementary
0 + 0 duplicates
351103 + 0 mapped (99.98% : N/A)
350000 + 0 paired in sequencing
175000 + 0 read1
175000 + 0 read2
346688 + 0 properly paired (99.05% : N/A)
349876 + 0 with itself and mate mapped
58 + 0 singletons (0.02% : N/A)
0 + 0 with mate mapped to a different chr
0 + 0 with mate mapped to a different chr (mapQ> =5)

Variant calling

A variant call is a conclusion that there is a nucleotide difference vs. some reference at a given position in an individual genome or transcriptome, often referred to as a Single Nucleotide Variant (SNV). The call is usually accompanied by an estimate of variant frequency and some measure of confidence. Similar to other steps in this workflow, there are a number of tools available for variant calling. In this workshop we will be using bcftools, but there are a few things we need to do before actually calling the variants.

Image from “Data Wrangling and Processing for Genomics”

Hands-on: Step 1: Calculate the read coverage of positions in the genome

Do the first pass on variant calling by counting read coverage with bcftools. We will use the command mpileup. The flag -O b tells bcftools to generate a bcf format output file, -o specifies where to write the output file, and -f flags the path to the reference genome:

Input: `mpileup` command

$ bcftools mpileup -O b -o results/bcf/SRR2584866_raw.bcf -f data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam

Output

[mpileup] 1 samples in 1 input files

We have now generated a file with coverage information for every base.

Hands-on: Step 2: Detect the single nucleotide variants (SNVs

Identify SNVs using bcftools call. We have to specify ploidy with the flag --ploidy, which is one for the haploid E. coli. -m allows for multiallelic and rare-variant calling, -v tells the program to output variant sites only (not every site in the genome), and -o specifies where to write the output file:

Input: `call` command

$ bcftools call --ploidy 1 -m -v -o results/vcf/SRR2584866_variants.vcf results/bcf/SRR2584866_raw.bcf

Hands-on: Step 3: Filter and report the SNV variants in variant calling format (VCF

Filter the SNVs for the final output in VCF format, using vcfutils.pl:

Input: Filtering with `vcfutils.pl` command

$ vcfutils.pl varFilter results/vcf/SRR2584866_variants.vcf  > results/vcf/SRR2584866_final_variants.vcf

Hands-on: Explore the VCF format:

Input

$ less -S results/vcf/SRR2584866_final_variants.vcf

You will see the header (which describes the format), the time and date the file was created, the version of bcftools that was used, the command line parameters used, and some additional information:

Output

##fileformat=VCFv4.2
##FILTER<ID=PASS,Description="All filters passed">
##bcftoolsVersion=1.8+htslib-1.8
##bcftoolsCommand=mpileup -O b -o results/bcf/SRR2584866_raw.bcf -f data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam
##reference=file://data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta
##contig<ID=CP000819.1,length=4629812>
##ALT<ID=*,Description="Represents allele(s) other than observed.">
##INFO<ID=INDEL,Number=0,Type=Flag,Description="Indicates that the variant is an INDEL.">
##INFO<ID=IDV,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Maximum number of reads supporting an indel">
##INFO<ID=IMF,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Maximum fraction of reads supporting an indel">
##INFO<ID=DP,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Raw read depth">
##INFO<ID=VDB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Variant Distance Bias for filtering splice-site artefacts in RNA-seq data (bigger is better)",Version=
##INFO<ID=RPB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Mann-Whitney U test of Read Position Bias (bigger is better)">
##INFO<ID=MQB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Mann-Whitney U test of Mapping Quality Bias (bigger is better)">
##INFO<ID=BQB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Mann-Whitney U test of Base Quality Bias (bigger is better)">
##INFO<ID=MQSB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Mann-Whitney U test of Mapping Quality vs Strand Bias (bigger is better)">
##INFO<ID=SGB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Segregation based metric.">
##INFO<ID=MQ0F,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Fraction of MQ0 reads (smaller is better)">
##FORMAT<ID=PL,Number=G,Type=Integer,Description="List of Phred-scaled genotype likelihoods">
##FORMAT<ID=GT,Number=1,Type=String,Description="Genotype">
##INFO<ID=ICB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Inbreeding Coefficient Binomial test (bigger is better)">
##INFO<ID=HOB,Number=1,Type=Float,Description="Bias in the number of HOMs number (smaller is better)">
##INFO<ID=AC,Number=A,Type=Integer,Description="Allele count in genotypes for each ALT allele, in the same order as listed">
##INFO<ID=AN,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Total number of alleles in called genotypes">
##INFO<ID=DP4,Number=4,Type=Integer,Description="Number of high-quality ref-forward , ref-reverse, alt-forward and alt-reverse bases">
##INFO<ID=MQ,Number=1,Type=Integer,Description="Average mapping quality">
##bcftools_callVersion=1.8+htslib-1.8
##bcftools_callCommand=call --ploidy 1 -m -v -o results/bcf/SRR2584866_variants.vcf results/bcf/SRR2584866_raw.bcf; Date=Tue Oct  9 18:48:10 2018

Followed by information on each of the variations observed:

#CHROM  POS     ID      REF     ALT     QUAL    FILTER  INFO    FORMAT  results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam
CP000819.1      1521    .       C       T       207     .       DP=9;VDB=0.993024;SGB=-0.662043;MQSB=0.974597;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,4,5;MQ=60
CP000819.1      1612    .       A       G       225     .       DP=13;VDB=0.52194;SGB=-0.676189;MQSB=0.950952;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,6,5;MQ=60
CP000819.1      9092    .       A       G       225     .       DP=14;VDB=0.717543;SGB=-0.670168;MQSB=0.916482;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,7,3;MQ=60
CP000819.1      9972    .       T       G       214     .       DP=10;VDB=0.022095;SGB=-0.670168;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,2,8;MQ=60      GT:PL
CP000819.1      10563   .       G       A       225     .       DP=11;VDB=0.958658;SGB=-0.670168;MQSB=0.952347;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,5,5;MQ=60
CP000819.1      22257   .       C       T       127     .       DP=5;VDB=0.0765947;SGB=-0.590765;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,2,3;MQ=60      GT:PL
CP000819.1      38971   .       A       G       225     .       DP=14;VDB=0.872139;SGB=-0.680642;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,4,8;MQ=60      GT:PL
CP000819.1      42306   .       A       G       225     .       DP=15;VDB=0.969686;SGB=-0.686358;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,5,9;MQ=60      GT:PL
CP000819.1      45277   .       A       G       225     .       DP=15;VDB=0.470998;SGB=-0.680642;MQSB=0.95494;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,7,5;MQ=60
CP000819.1      56613   .       C       G       183     .       DP=12;VDB=0.879703;SGB=-0.676189;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,8,3;MQ=60      GT:PL
CP000819.1      62118   .       A       G       225     .       DP=19;VDB=0.414981;SGB=-0.691153;MQSB=0.906029;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,8,10;MQ=59
CP000819.1      64042   .       G       A       225     .       DP=18;VDB=0.451328;SGB=-0.689466;MQSB=1;MQ0F=0;AC=1;AN=1;DP4=0,0,7,9;MQ=60      GT:PL

This is a lot of information, so let’s take some time to make sure we understand our output.

The first few columns represent the information we have about a predicted variation.

In an ideal world, the information in the QUAL column would be all we needed to filter out bad variant calls. However, in reality we need to filter on multiple other metrics.

The last two columns contain the genotypes and can be tricky to decode.

For our file, the metrics presented are GT:PL:GQ.

The Broad Institute’s VCF guide is an excellent place to learn more about the VCF file format.

Question

Use the grep and wc commands you have learned to assess how many variants are in the vcf file.

Solution

code-in

$ grep -v "#" results/vcf/SRR2584866_final_variants.vcf | wc -l

code-out

766

There are 766 variants in this file.

Hands-on: Assess the alignment (visualization) - optional step

It is often instructive to look at your data in a genome browser. Visualization will allow you to get a “feel” for the data, as well as detecting abnormalities and problems. Also, exploring the data in such a way may give you ideas for further analyses. As such, visualization tools are useful for exploratory analysis. In this lesson we will describe two different tools for visualization: a light-weight command-line based one and the Broad Institute’s Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) which requires software installation and transfer of files.

Input: In order for us to visualize the alignment files, we will need to index the BAM file using `samtools`:

$ samtools index results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam

Viewing with tview

Samtools implements a very simple text alignment viewer based on the GNU ncurses library, called tview. This alignment viewer works with short indels and shows MAQ consensus. It uses different colors to display mapping quality or base quality, subjected to users’ choice. Samtools viewer is known to work with a 130 GB alignment swiftly. Due to its text interface, displaying alignments over network is also very fast.

In order to visualize our mapped reads, we use tview, giving it the sorted bam file and the reference file:

Input: Visualize with `tview`

$ samtools tview results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta

Output

1         11        21        31        41        51        61        71        81        91        101       111       121
AGCTTTTCATTCTGACTGCAACGGGCAATATGTCTCTGTGTGGATTAAAAAAAGAGTGTCTGATAGCAGCTTCTGAACTGGTTACCTGCCGTGAGTAAATTAAAATTTTATTGACTTAGGTCACTAAATAC
..................................................................................................................................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ..................N................. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,........................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ..................N................. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.............................
...................................,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  ....................................   ................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,....................................   ....................................      ,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  ....................................  ,,a,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,     .......
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, .............................  ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,g,,,,,    ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  ...........................T.......   ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,c,          ......
......................... ................................   ,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,      ...........................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,       ..........................
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,   ................................T..  ..............................   ,,,,,,
...........................       ,,,,,,g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,   ....................................         ,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ....................................  ...................................        ....
....................................  ........................  ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,      ....
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,   ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
........................            .................................. .............................     ....
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,   ....................................        ..........................
...............................       ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ....................................
...................................  ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  ..................................
.................................... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,a,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,        ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  ............................ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The first line of output shows the genome coordinates in our reference genome. The second line shows the reference genome sequence. The third line shows the consensus sequence determined from the sequence reads. A . indicates a match to the reference sequence, so we can see that the consensus from our sample matches the reference in most locations. That is good! If that was not the case, we should probably reconsider our choice of reference.

Below the horizontal line, we can see all of the reads in our sample aligned with the reference genome. Only positions where the called base differs from the reference are shown. You can use the arrow keys on your keyboard to scroll or type ? for a help menu. To navigate to a specific position, type g. A dialogue box will appear. In this box, type the name of the “chromosome” followed by a colon and the position of the variant you would like to view (e.g. for this sample, type CP000819.1:50 to view the 50th base. Type Ctrl^C or q to exit tview.

Question

Visualize the alignment of the reads for our SRR2584866 sample. What variant is present at position 4377265? What is the canonical nucleotide in that position?

Solution

$ samtools tview ~/dc_workshop/results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam ~/dc_workshop/data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta

Then type g. In the dialogue box, type CP000819.1:4377265. G is the variant. A is canonical. This variant possibly changes the phenotype of this sample to hypermutable. It occurs in the gene mutL, which controls DNA mismatch repair.

Viewing with IGV

IGV is a stand-alone browser, which has the advantage of being installed locally and providing fast access. Web-based genome browsers, like Ensembl or the UCSC browser, are slower, but provide more functionality. They not only allow for more polished and flexible visualization, but also provide easy access to a wealth of annotations and external data sources. This makes it straightforward to relate your data with information about repeat regions, known genes, epigenetic features or areas of cross-species conservation, to name just a few.

In order to use IGV, we will need to download the files, that we are going to use as input, to our local machine. We can do this easily via the Galaxy RStudio interface, in which we were working all along. We will work on the lower right panel in the RStudio, on the “Files” tab, wehre we simply need to select the desired files by checking the boxes left to their name. Then, we click on the option “Export”, which we can find on the said panel in the “More” dropdown tab. After assigning a name for the file to be downloaded we hit “Download” and our selection are localy downloaded. The files we are going to use are listed below:

~/dc_workshop/results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam 
~/dc_workshop/results/bam/SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam.bai 
~/dc_workshop/data/ref_genome/ecoli_rel606.fasta 
~/dc_workshop/results/vcf/SRR2584866_final_variants.vcf 

Next, we need to open the IGV software. If you have not done so already, you can download IGV from the Broad Institute’s software page, double-click the .zip file to unzip it, and then drag the program into your Applications folder.

1. Open IGV.
2. Load our reference genome file (ecoli_rel606.fasta) into IGV using the “Load Genomes from File…“ option under the “Genomes” pull-down menu.
3. Load our BAM file (SRR2584866.aligned.sorted.bam) using the “Load from File…“ option under the “File” pull-down menu.
4. Do the same with our VCF file (SRR2584866_final_variants.vcf).

Your IGV browser should look like the screenshot below:

There should be two tracks: one coresponding to our BAM file and the other for our VCF file.

In the VCF track, each bar across the top of the plot shows the allele fraction for a single locus. The second bar shows the genotypes for each locus in each sample. We only have one sample called here, so we only see a single line. Dark blue = heterozygous, Cyan = homozygous variant, Grey = reference. Filtered entries are transparent.

Zoom in to inspect variants you see in your filtered VCF file to become more familiar with IGV. See how quality information corresponds to alignment information at those loci. Use this website and the links therein to understand how IGV colors the alignments.

Tip: BWA alignment options

BWA consists of three algorithms: BWA-backtrack, BWA-SW and BWA-MEM. The first algorithm is designed for Illumina sequence reads up to 100bp, while the other two are for sequences ranging from 70bp to 1Mbp. BWA-MEM and BWA-SW share similar features such as long-read support and split alignment, but BWA-MEM, which is the latest, is generally recommended for high-quality queries as it is faster and more accurate.

Key points

• Bioinformatic command line tools are collections of commands that can be used to carry out bioinformatic analyses.

• To use most powerful bioinformatic tools, you will need to use the command line.

• There are many different file formats for storing genomics data. It is important to understand what type of information is contained in each file, and how it was derived.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Citing this Tutorial

1. Sofoklis Keisaris, Fotis E. Psomopoulos, Saskia Hiltemann, Helena Rasche, carpentries, Variant Calling Workflow (Galaxy Training Materials). https://training.galaxyproject.org/training-material/topics/data-science/tutorials/bash-variant-calling/tutorial.html Online; accessed TODAY
2. Hiltemann, Saskia, Rasche, Helena et al., 2023 Galaxy Training: A Powerful Framework for Teaching! PLOS Computational Biology 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010752
3. Batut et al., 2018 Community-Driven Data Analysis Training for Biology Cell Systems 10.1016/j.cels.2018.05.012

BibTeX

@misc{data-science-bash-variant-calling,
author = "Sofoklis Keisaris and Fotis E. Psomopoulos and Saskia Hiltemann and Helena Rasche and carpentries",
	title = "Variant Calling Workflow (Galaxy Training Materials)",
	year = "",
	month = "",
	day = ""
	url = "\url{https://training.galaxyproject.org/training-material/topics/data-science/tutorials/bash-variant-calling/tutorial.html}",
	note = "[Online; accessed TODAY]"
}
@article{Hiltemann_2023,
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010752},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1010752},
	year = 2023,
	month = {jan},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science ({PLoS})},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1},
	pages = {e1010752},
	author = {Saskia Hiltemann and Helena Rasche and Simon Gladman and Hans-Rudolf Hotz and Delphine Larivi{\`{e}}re and Daniel Blankenberg and Pratik D. Jagtap and Thomas Wollmann and Anthony Bretaudeau and Nadia Gou{\'{e}} and Timothy J. Griffin and Coline Royaux and Yvan Le Bras and Subina Mehta and Anna Syme and Frederik Coppens and Bert Droesbeke and Nicola Soranzo and Wendi Bacon and Fotis Psomopoulos and Crist{\'{o}}bal Gallardo-Alba and John Davis and Melanie Christine Föll and Matthias Fahrner and Maria A. Doyle and Beatriz Serrano-Solano and Anne Claire Fouilloux and Peter van Heusden and Wolfgang Maier and Dave Clements and Florian Heyl and Björn Grüning and B{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}nice Batut and},
	editor = {Francis Ouellette},
	title = {Galaxy Training: A powerful framework for teaching!},
	journal = {PLoS Comput Biol} Computational Biology}
}

                   

Funding

These individuals or organisations provided funding support for the development of this resource

See Funder Profile

Galaxy Administrators: Install the missing tools

You can use Ephemeris's shed-tools install command to install the tools used in this tutorial.

shed-tools install [-g GALAXY] [-a API_KEY] -t <(curl https://training.galaxyproject.org/training-material/api/topics/data-science/tutorials/bash-variant-calling/tutorial.json | jq .admin_install_yaml -r)

Alternatively you can copy and paste the following YAML

---
install_tool_dependencies: true
install_repository_dependencies: true
install_resolver_dependencies: true
tools: []

Feedback

5 stars	1
3 stars	1
2 stars	1

July 2023

• 2 stars: Liked: The step-by-step explanation of the entire pipeline Disliked: Some of the commands are incorrect, and some of the explanations are not clear enough

May 2023

• 5 stars: Liked: very intuitive and colors of the page helps alot, thank you
• 3 stars: Liked: quite explanatory, understandable terms Disliked: update it or make sure the platform possesses the features explained by the tutorial. "Less" command was not available. There is no command or instructions to generate dc folder